Linguistic Evidence for Akkadian Speaking Neolithic Farmer Spread

(September 27, 2023, Updated December 27, 2024) Many English words come from Akkadian as does the grammatical structures of "ongoing" or "continuous" tense and the  "do support" (Akkadian Y letter start) sentence constructions. (For a description of the problem see the section entitled "Supposed Celtic Syntax in English" at  https://www.arrantpedantry.com/2014/12/01/celtic-and-the-history-of-the-english-language/

The earliest English words came from both Latin and Old Norse/German. Latin speakers acquired their Akkadian words from their northern Akkadian speaking neighbors, the Etruscans. Many Old Norse words also derive from Etruscan whose writing spread north and ended up as the Elder Futhark Runes. This writing only ceased around by 500 CE. Significantly, Akkadian has never been considered as a word source in European etymological studies until now because no one imagined such a connection existed.  These Akkadian source words  include:

1. Anger: Akkadian agȗ meaning "anger" via Old Norse angra and Old English enge meaning some "narrowly focused emotions"

2. Ash: Akkadian aṣu and ašu meaning “expelled thing” via Middle English asshe, Old English æsce, Old High German asca, German asche, Middle Dutch asche, Gothic azgo "ashes." Fires expel ashes. The ash tree was the expeller tree due to its clumps of flying seeds. Because creation was thought to be the manifestation of invisible forms expelled by the divine realm, the ash tree was also the Yggdrasil creation tree of Norse myth. Christian Ash Wednesday is a time of expelling sinful behaviors prior to Easter.

3. Atlantis, Atlantic: Akkadian phrase A.TL.NT meaning "That wind-manifested mound" via Latin atlanticus and Greek atlantikos. In Plato's Timaeus (360 BCE) which started the legend of Atlantis it is Ἀτλαντὶς νῆσος or "Atlantis Nesos" or "Atlantis the distant" where "nesu" is an Akkadian word meaning "distant." 

4. Bad: Akkadian bādu meaning “evening.” In Akkadian this word is also an epithet for the night time astrological powers of fate which usually bring “bad” events. It has no apparent relatives in other languages outside of English and appears in English as soon as English started being written during the 1200s.

5. Celestial: Akkadian šalu, šelû, sala’u meaning most generally the goddess "Selu/Selene," specifically the "Astrological-Selu/Selene" and "spiritual-places." From Old French celestial (celestial, heavenly, sky-blue), from Latin caelestis (heavenly, pertaining to the sky), and caelum (heaven, sky; abode of the gods) which is of uncertain origin. The Latin word is the source of the usual word for "sky" in most of the Romance languages, such as French ciel, Spanish cielo, Italian cielo, Portuguese céu. It is the source of ceiling in English as well.

6. Cinder: Akkadian phrase ŠN.TR šenû.taru meaning "ooze of transformation" as in what oozes out during a fire so this would also include smoke. Via Old English sinder "dross of iron, slag," Old Norse sindr, Middle Low German and Middle Dutch sinder, Dutch sintel, Old High German sintar, German Sinter). Conflated the Mediterranean lineage's Latin  cinerem (nominative cinis) "ashes," and Greek konis "dust." (Latin /c/ was initially pronounced more like a /k/) and later French cendre meaning "ashes," 

7. Dipper, Big Dipper [Akkadian dappu, dippu]  meaning “dip” or “dipper” as a ladle to get at a cistern of water.  This includes getting at the divine cistern as the source of fertility fluids from god Alu. This Alu connection makes it the source of the constellation “Big Dipper.” Comes to modern English via Old English dyppan "to plunge or immerse temporarily in water, to baptize by immersion," Old Norse deypa "to dip," Old Frisian depa, Dutch dopen, German taufen, Gothic daupjan "to baptize") 

8. Divine: Akkadian di’u meaning "divine" as in all the spiritual powers behind all the change on earth via Latin divus "of a god”

9. Educate: Akkadian phrase ED.K or edu.ku meaning "motivate involvement." Source of the word “educate” via Latin educare where the last letters are linguistic endings.

10. Elevate: Akkadian elȗ meaning "elevated powers" via Latin elevare

11. Emotion: Akkadian imu meaning "emotion powers" via Latin emovere

12. Energy: Akkadian gi meaning "emotional energy" via Greek energeia and late Latin energia. Energy is the emotional source of motion as opposed to the night sky's motion powers (fate from planets, all other kinds from dark new moon god Su). This is manifested on earth as "breath" (night sky manifestations are "winds" like the "winds of fate.") The word “Work” (wer) is Indo-European. The word “energy” is a combination of Akkadian enu meaning reassign and gi meaning “energy.” Gi is linguistically the same as the eastern "Chi" indicating this word goes back to the hunter-gatherers.

13. Equal: Akkadian eqȗ meaning "functional replacement" via Latin aequalis (uniform, identical, equal). Also seen in Old French as Old French egal.

14. Game, Gamete: Akkadian phrase Gu.Mu meaning energizing the fertility-fluids. This phrase always had something to do with fun and sex. From Greek gamos "marriage," gamete "a wife," gametes "a husband, gamein "to take to wife, to marry. Also the seventh month of the ancient Attic calendar (corresponding to late January and early February) was Gamelion, "Month of Marriages." By 1200 CE Old English gamen "joy, fun; game, amusement," Old Norse gaman "game, sport; pleasure, amusement," Old Saxon gaman, Old High German gaman "sport, merriment," Danish gamen, Swedish gamman "merriment"), Gothic gaman "participation, communion."

15. Gas: either from Akkadian gešû, gašû meaning "belch" or gisȗ, gasu meaning a "spiritual blessing." Traditionally, thought to have been first used by Flemish chemist J.B. van Helmont (1577-1644) who defined it as: Hunc spiritum, incognitum hactenus, novo nomine gas voco ("This vapor, hitherto unknown, I call by a new name, 'gas.'") [Helmont, Ortus Medicinae]. A similar sounding word, khaos, was used by Swiss physician Paracelsus (1493-1541), who used khaos in an occult sense of "proper elements of spirits" or "ultra-rarified water."

16. Good: Akkadian banû meaning "good" via Latin bonus, source of Romance language’s bueno and bien meaning "good."

17. Hazing: Akkadian ḥazu meaning “sigh” or “to make sigh.” Traditional  etymology has no information on this word.

18. Heal: Akkadian ḫelû meaning physical healing from the ancient life class of powers (not the emotion/motion class). It comes to English via Old Norse heila and Old Frisian hela. It is also an epithet for the sun god Hu which became “Helios” in Greek. Compare to Akkadian ASu which is celestial/astrological healing and MaGu which is magical or spiritual/emotional healing.

19. Hit, Join: Akkadian ḥittu via Old English hyttan, hittan and Old Norse hitta. Originally having the broad meaning of "coming together" either socially or physically. An epithet which gave the Hittites their name. Also an epithet for the lintel of a doorway which is a head hitter.

20. Hollow, Hallow: Akkadian phrase Hu'u-Liwa meaning "astrological-owl love." These owls were omens of change because they influence the flow rate of life-powers through the life network. This owl connection is seen in Middle English of the late 1300's in the word holowen  meaning "to make hollow" because owls live in hollowed out tree trunks. The date of Oct. 31 is described as alle halwe eue or all hallow's eve by c. 1300 as in it was an omened day of change. "Hallow" became associated with "good omens" or "holy omens." Consequently the Christian church tried to coopt Halloween by associating it with the honoring holy persons or saints. Hallow-day for "All-Saints Day" is from 1590s.

21. Horoscope: Akkadian ḫarû means "liver" as one of the motion change power sources. These sources were the astrological night sky and inner emotions (liver). This is reflected in Latin horoscopum/horoscopus and Greek hōroskopos meaning "night-sky.vision-diviner" and Haruspicy meaning "liver.aroma-diviner."

22. Hound: Akkadian ḥanṭu, ḥamṭu meaning “quick, urgent-one” via Old Norse/Germanic conversion of /ṭ/ to /d/ as Old Saxon and Old Frisian hund, Old High German hunt, Old Norse hund.

23. Howl: Akkadian ḫawȗ meaning “to howl.” Earliest record related to English is 13th century Germanic houlen.

24. Juniper: Akkadian phrase Inu.Paru via Latin word for juniper: iuniperus. In Akkadian it means "Moon-Eye's sweat" where "moon-Eye" is an epithet for the full moon god Su who was the source of astrological motion powers, that is, all motion powers not generated by emotions. 

25. Lack: Akkadian la, lu via Old Norse lakr meaning “lacking”

26. Lackey: Akkadian lakȗ meaning “emotionally-meek, weak-willed.” In traditional etymology this word’s origin is unknown. Originally a compound Akkadian word Lu.Ku meaning “Involving lack.” 

27. Lid: Akkadian lâṭu, līṭu, lētu meaning “lid” via Old English hlid meaning "covering, opening, gate," from Proto-Germanic *hlidan "a cover," literally "that which bends over" (source also of Old Norse hlið "gate, gap," Swedish lid "gate," Old French hlid, Middle Dutch lit, Dutch lid, Old High German hlit "lid, cover")

28. Lay, Ley, Ley Line: Akkadian la’u, le’ȗ, lēyu meaning “lay, layout” and "plan" as in to check out the “lay of the land” which is to check out its powers. It comes from Old English leah "open field, meadow, piece of untilled grassy ground," earlier læch, preserved in place names, from Proto-Germanic *lauhaz (source also of Old High German loh "clearing," and probably also Flemish -loo, which forms the second element in Waterloo). 

29.  Liberty, Lord: Akkadian  lābu, lebu meaning lord, landlord, lordship, liberty (noun) as in to have liberty oneself and lord over others. The lion was the archetypal example of this power. Its howling was the prime example of “lording over” something. From Old French liberte "freedom, liberty, free will" via Latin libertatem (nominative libertas) "civil or political freedom, condition of a free man; absence of restraint; permission," from liber meaning "free." 

30. Lipid: Akkadian lēpu, līpu meaning “fat-of-the land.” Via Greek lipos meaning "fat" 

31. Lute: Akkadian luṭu (luth). Stringed musical instrument also meaning harmony. Traditional etymology only goes back to 1200’s Old French lut, leut (Modern luth)

32. Mold, Made (Make): Akaddian medû, madû, mudû meaning “molder” and maker. The word “Mold” derives from Old French modle which in turn derives from Latin modulum  meaning ”model” as in “the reference against which things are measured."  The words “Made” and “Make” derive from Old English macod (Akkadian sourced) and macian (Indo-European sourced). Other examples are Old Saxon makon, Old Frisian makia "to build, make," Middle Dutch and Dutch maken, and German machen. 

33. Magic: Akkadian mugu and magu meaning “magic” via Latin magus meaning “magical/emotional/spiritual healer.”

34. Man: Akkadian mȃnu meaning "supporter" via  from Old English man, Proto-Germanic *mann and Old Frisian mon. This word is also considered sourced from proto-Indo-European but that word has an MZ root as evidenced from Old Church Slavonic mozi and Russian muzh.

35. Mobilize: Akkadian mūbû meaning “mobilize” via Latin mobilis

36. Mother, Mom, Ma: Akkadian ma meaning “fertility fluid provider.” "Mother" is a classic Indo-European word being found in Latin as māter, Greek mētēr, Sanskrit matar, Old Norse moðir. Yet all these are similar to Akkadian "ma." This similarity indicates that this word goes back farther then even Akkadian and Proto-Indo-European.

37. Muse: Akkadian mušu meaning "night powers" is the source of the English word "muse" via Old French "muser" from the 1100's CE meaning "to ponder, dream, wonder; loiter, waste time."

38. Naked: Akkadian nēku, niku  meaning illicit sex via Old English nacod, Old Frisian nakad, Middle Dutch naket, German nackt, Old Norse nökkviðr, Old Irish nocht, Welsh noeth. Not to be confused with "Nude" having a /d/ or /g/ which is Indo-European as evidenced by Old Church Slavonic nagu and Russian nagoi

39. Nature-Gifts, Nature: Akkadian nātu, naṭû, nêtu, nūtu. An prime example of nature's gift is a “nut” which also derives from this word. From Old English hnutu, from Proto-Germanic *hnut, and from Latin natus meaning "birth." “Nature” from Akkadian naṭû (having a theta) also has the broader meaning represented by Latin natura which includes  a non-divine inherent character, constitution, and quality.

40. Pagan, Page, Pig: Akkadian pagu, pegu, pigu meaning "something incomplete." A medieval "page" is an incomplete knight. A paper "page" is a small incomplete book that is either from Latin pagella meaning "small page" or Latin pagina meaning "woman page." A Pagan is an incomplete human either being an ape or a rustic, uneducated country dweller. Latin pagos is an incomplete territory as described in Julius Ceaser's Gallic Wars 1.12.4: nam omnis civitas Helvetia in quattuor pagos divisa est ("for the Helvetian nation as a whole was divided into four cantons"). A pig is an incomplete animal which is not a proper hunter or grazer because it is a scavenger. From Middle English pigge "a pig" (mid-13c., late 12c. as a surname), probably from Old English *picg, found in compounds, https://www.etymonline.com/word/pig

41. Pit: Akkadian patu, pitu meaning "pit." This is an epithet for both "grave" and "wellspring." The comes via Old English pytt (Kentish *pet) meaning "natural or man-made depression in the ground, water hole, well; grave," from Proto-Germanic *putt- "pool, puddle" (source also of Old Frisian pet, Old Saxon putti, Old Norse pyttr, Middle Dutch putte, Dutch put, Old High German pfuzza, German Pfütze "pool, puddle"), an early borrowing from Latin puteus meaning "well, pit, shaft."

42. Pray: Akkadian phrase PaRu-AYu meaning "To emotionally-coerce Ayu" in which Ayu is the goddess who directs the life powers to earth through the life network. Found in 1400's English as preien, meaning "to ask earnestly, beg (someone). This is actually the Akkadian phrase "To emotionally-coerce Ayu's reassignments" as in reassigning the network connections. Latin has precari meaning "to ask earnestly, beg, entreat." This is the Akkadian phrase "To emotionally-coerce involvement with the controllers (Su, Selene, Kate/Hekate)

43. Query, Inquire, Quarry: Akkadian qarȗ, qariu, qerȗ meaning "query, inquire,  astrologer, astrology-divinations, fate" via Latin quaere “meaning to ask, to seek.” This is a diviner of fate-driving astrological motion powers as opposed to a diviner of inner emotion powers. The word “inquire” is from N.QR meaning “revelations of a query.” The two words were conflated around late Roman times.

44. Quit: Akkadian qatû meaning "to quite or to end" via Latin quietus meaning to end or be free of debt.

45. Remonstrate: Akkadian ramû, remû meaning “emotional release” via Latin remonstrare meaning "to emotionally demonstrate"

46. Sack: Akkadian saku meaning “cloth pounder” or “cloth sacker” which was a process to fluff and fill out cloth. From Latin saccus and secondarily Old Norse sekkr.

47. Sad: Akkadian sādu, sêdu means "to care about." If you have to care about someone then something is wrong with them. The other sad meaning comes from Akkadian ṣadû, ṣâdu meaning "to feast" having the following lineage: Old English sæd "sated, full, having had one's fill (of food, drink, fighting, etc.), Old Norse saðr, Middle Dutch sat, Dutch zad, Old High German sat, German satt, Gothic saþs "satiated, sated, full."

48. Same: Akkadian ša, še, ši meaning “to be the same” via Old Norse samr

49. Sin: Akkadian ṣinu, ṣēnu meaning “to sin” via the Greek translation of the Bible (Septuagint)

50. Size: [Akkadian šizu] meaning size and measurements via Celtic. First found in Old English around 1300 and just prior to that in Old French as sise.

51. Summer:  Akkadian ṣummu meaning “dehydration” and "dehydration time" via Old English sumor, Old Saxon, Old Norse, Old High German sumar, Old Frisian sumur, Old Irish sam. 

52. Super: Akkadian šūpu, šāpu meaning “to amplify” and ”to make super” via Latin prefix super- which is analogous to Greek hyper-

53. Tease: Akkadian taṣû meaning “to tease or push apart” via Old English tæsan "pluck, pull, tear; pull apart, comb" (fibers of wool, flax, etc.) and from Proto-Germanic *taisijan. Originally, to "tease" someone was to straighten them out.

54. Tit: Akkadian tittu meaning "fruit" and "tit" via Proto-Germanic *titta and Old English titt. 

55. Turn, Trans: Akkadian târu meaning “to turn into” and “to trans” (to change the state of something):  via Latin tornare meaning “turn on a lathe,” Greek tornus meaning “lathe,” and Latin trans meaning “change state” as in the words transform and transport.

56. Ugly: Akkadian ugu meaning “ugly” as in a “frightful appearance” enough to cause extreme fear as in “frightened to death” via Old Norse uggligr meaning "dreadful, fearful," and from uggr meaning "fear, apprehension, dread." Its meaning was softened to "very unpleasant to look at" during the late 1300’s.

(December 6, 2024) The Minoan Phaistos disk is significant for these reasons:

1. Its language is Akkadian confirming that was the language of Neolithic Farmers
2. First European writing dating to 1900 BCE
3. Source of all alphabets via Minoan Linear A
4. Written on a Druid Spiral showing its role as a spiritual symbol combining the 2 spiritual power classes of life and motion
5. Describes most of the Druid Pantheon

The text is a mix of phonetic signs (da, di, du, ad, etc.) and alphabetic signs which are just wildcard phonetic signs in which the consonant can be followed by any vowel sound.

(August 1, 2023, Updated September 22, 2024) 

The codex Runicus is the only surviving book written in runes and it has remained untranslated until now. Its title page states that it was found in 1505 and is a copy of an original commissioned in 1190 CE by Danish king Valdemar 1. It has 200 pages in 14 layers. Prior to this first translation it was thought to be a runic version of Danish law like those found in other early Danish books. It seems to have been written by a Wendish/Vendish Druid and is a Druid metaphysical treatise on how to avoid droughts.

The deities it mentions are Druid and not those of the later Nordic tradition. Druid deities are found in all earlier runic texts associated with the Neolithic farmer culture (the first such texts were Minoan from about 1900 BCE). That some specialized priestly class must have existed throughout Europe is shown by the fact that these Akkadian runic texts exist despite all the local spoken languages around them being some mix of Indo-European and Akkadian. Some group was preserving this language and this writing style.

The book claims drought is to be avoided by magically diverting and adjusting the natural divine powers in a way which integrates the two spiritual power classes representing changes in life and motion. Magic should not be used in an attempt to override those powers but only to modify them. Based on tree ring and other physical data, northern European droughts occurred in the years 1080, 1120, and 1180 CE (Ionita, and all 2021).

This text was commissioned by Danish King Valdemar near the end of his life as indicated by the introductory paragraph on page 1. King Valdemar 1 was born January 14, 1131 and died May 12, 1182). He ended the eastern Baltic Wend threat to Danish shipping, won independence from the Holy Roman emperor, and gained church approval for the hereditary rule by his dynasty, the Valdemars. 

He was the son of Knud Lavard, duke of South Jutland, and a great-grandson of the Danish king Sweyn II. Valdemar won a 25 year civil war waged by competing contenders for the throne. 

Initially during this struggle, Valdemar acknowledged the overlordship of the Holy Roman emperor Frederick I Barbarossa and accepted his antipope Victor IV (or V). This caused Denmark’s chief prelate Eskil, archbishop of Lund, to choose exile rather than oppose Pope Alexander III. After Valdemar and Bishop Absalon changed their mind and  acknowledged Pope Alexander in 1165, Eskil returned to Denmark. There he confirmed the canonization of the king’s father and anointed his son Canute VI as joint king (1170) inaugurating the hereditary rule of the Valdemars.

Apparently, as a part of this deal Valdemar agreed to take part in the Northern crusades aimed at suppressing Paganism in the Baltic lands. These only ended in 1185 shortly after his death. Valdemar began a series of expeditions against the Wends aided by his foster brother Absalon whom he made bishop of Roskilde. The Wends were attacked and by 1169 his forces had captured the Wendish stronghold of Rügen (now in Germany), which was then incorporated into the diocese of Roskilde. He also destroyed the Wendish sanctuary at Arcona. A year later he was forced to divide his gains with his ally Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony.

Shortly before his death in 1182 yet after the start of the drought around 1180, Valdemar commissioned the Codex Runicus which was likely written by a surviving Wendish Druid and finished in 1190.

Other surviving books from this time are Danish law books written in the old Norse/Germanic language. These were compiled during the 1200s and represent the bulk of Nordic literature from the period between 1200-1400. The Danish provincial laws consist of the Scanian Law (written between 1202 and 1216), the Jutlandic Law (issued in 1241) along with King Valdemar's Zealandic Law and King Eric's Zealandic Law. 

References

Arild Hauge's scan: https://www.arild-hauge.com/am_28_8vo_codex_runicus.htm

Freeman, Kirk (2007) Baptism or Death: The Wendish Crusade, 1147-1185. Online at:  https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/baptism-or-death-the-wendish-crusade-1147-1185/

Ionita, M., Dima, M., Nagavciuc, V. et al. Past megadroughts in central Europe were longer, more severe and less warm than modern droughts. Commun Earth Environ 2, 61 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00130-w

University of Copenhagen's Interactive Online Scan with Zoom: https://www.e-pages.dk/ku/579/

Wendish Crusade here at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendish_Crusade