(January 7, 2025) European culture and languages began when Indo-European invaders mixed with the earlier Neolithic farmer migrants. The latter group came out of western Anatolia/Northern Mesopotamia which is the homeland of the Akkadian language. The Akkadian speakers who stayed behind developed the Mesopotamian culture and wrote Akkadian with cuneiform. The European migrants developed the Druid culture and wrote a slighly modified Akkadian with runes.
Image shows the spread of farming from north Mesopotamia as determined by archaeology. These farmers started to migrate starting around 9600 BCE and reached Britain by 4100 BCE. Akkadian is the native language of northern Mesopotamia so that language traveled with the farmers. Map from Gronenborn, D., & Horejs, B. (2023). Online at: https://www.academia.edu/9424525/Map_Expansion_of_farming_in_western_Eurasia_9600_4000_cal_BC_update_vers_2023_1_?email_work_card=title
Left image shows the matrilineal genetic closeness (green) of Neolithic farmers to a 5000 BCE Neolithic reference sample from central Anatolia. Right image shows the genetic closeness of modern populations to that sample. This and other studies show that northern Mesopotamian genetics spread along with the farming culture and that means their native Akkadian language spread with them. This is further supported by survivals of their Akkadian writing on archaeological texts found in Europe. The Minoans were the first European Akkadian writers as evidenced by their 1800 BCE Phaistos Disk. (Map from Haak and all 2010)
Haak, Wolfgang and all (2010) Ancient DNA from European Early Neolithic Farmers Reveals Their Near Eastern Affinities. Online at: https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1000536)
(November 22,, 2024) Map showing the results of a computer study comparing the word similarities between modern European languages. These studies continue to show European languages have two sources and this is despite the fact that Pagan Akkadian was actively suppressed. The northern source is Indo-European while the southern source is Akkadian. Yet incredibly, some researchers continue to insist that Indo-European also came out of northern Mesopotamia, the homeland of Akkadian. Map from: P. Heggarty et al., Science (2023). This blindness to the facts indicates some deep nationalist/racial emotions are causing perceptual bias and even perceptual blindness.
P. Heggarty, and all (Science, 28 July 2023) Language trees with sampled ancestors support a hybrid model for the origin of Indo-European languages. Online at: https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abg0818
Press Release from the the Max Plank Institute: New insights into the origin of the Indo-European languages. Online at: https://www.mpg.de/20666229/0725-evan-origin-of-the-indo-european-languages-150495-x
From Encyclopedia Britannica article at: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indo-European-languages
January 7, 2025) Notice these languages are considered to be completely Indo-European which is contrary to modern evidence. Because Akkadian was suppressed it has been ignored by modern linguists despite being a great language of history. The different ratios of mixing and remixing between Akkadian and Indo-European define today's many European languages. Without that mixing Europe's languages would have been much more homogeneous. In the middle east it mixed with Afro-Asian in various amounts to form the Semitic languages.
Other major language centers besides Indo-European and Akkadian are:
Turkic: Step lands east of Indo-European homeland
Afro-Asian: May have originated on the Green Sahara plains between 12,500 and 6,000 BCE. (found in Egyptian, Arabic)
Ob-Ugric : Forest lands north of the steppe. (Found in Hungarian, Finnish)
January 8, 2025) The text translations on this site provide overwhelming evidence that Akkadian speaking and writing once existed throughout Europe which enabled widespread commercial trade. Additionally, all these texts describe a common religious culture which is supported by common cultural memes found throughout Europe and around the Mediterranean. Druid culture is the best name for this.
But Druid Akkadian was suppressed and then forgotten. Akkadian was first suppressed by the Greeks as being the language of their enemies. The Greek enemies were the Akkadian speaking people of the Persian Achaemenid empire. In a wave of nationalism Greeks started writing their own language around 500 BCE and added the innovation of using inner vowels in words. This made their writing much more precise and expressive than Druid Akkadian. Alexander the Great and subsequent rulers imposed Hellenism on their conquered people (except Israel which fought back). Alexander burned the great library at Persepolis.
Next the Romans began suppressing Druid culture and language of the Carthaginians, Celts, and Germans. This led to the Romans suppressing their own Druid history and adopting Greek culture. This included adopting the Greek use of inner vowels (unlike Druid Akkadian) in writing their own native language, Latin. The Romans burned the library at Carthage.
Next Druid culture and language was suppressed by Christian church as being the language of the Druid Pagans. The last Druid holdouts were the traditional Celtic lands (Ireland, Wales, Cornwall, Scotland), Iceland, some parts of Sweden, and the Wendish Balkan region now covering Lativia and Lithuania. In Ireland the last Akkadian writing (Ogham) was extinguished when the Normans took control of Ireland around 1150 CE. In Scandinavia the last runic writing was extinguished around 1250 upon the successful completion of the Northern Crusades but not before the Wends left us the Codex Runicus (1190 BCE), the only book in runes now preserved in Denmark.
This suppression of Akkadian in the Celtic and Norse lands motivated the writing of local native languages of the time. This new trend was led by the great bards of the era who essentially defined these new languages much as Shakespeare helped define English later. They left us a number of Celtic and Norse legends which have become the focus of Neo-Pagan revivals in various lands. Significantly, many of the words used, especially the nouns, are Akkadian phrases which have become modern language words much like Latin and Greek were used to define more modern scientific words. What on the surface are simple adventure and romance tales are also at a deeper level a discussion of Druid spiritual interactions. Thus while the bards were most often employed by foreign Christian nobles, they attempted to keep their native culture alive by hiding it in plain sight.
(April 7, 2023, updated April 25, 2025) Ancient people divided land differently from today basing their division upon trade routes instead of land masses because they did not have a good idea of those land masses. These geographic labels are first found in Greek texts indicating they were defined from their point of view.
The word "Europe" in ancient Greek texts refers to the Celtic and Phoenician trade routes along the Rhine-Danube-Anatolia-Phoenicia axis. In contrast "Libya" was the trade route along the Mediterranean coast from Anatolia to Britain. The Levant and Mesopotamia were "Asia."
The word Libu is the Druid Akkadian phrase LY.B.Y.A meaning "Fate has not nourished this" which is a comment about the desert.
The word Europe is the Druid Akkadian phrase EW.R'.P.E meaning "Requires-attention to shepherd the nourishment's ineffectiveness" which is a comment about how dry-land farming techniques are required for prosperity.
The word Asia is the Druid Akkadian phrase or A.SY.A meaning "This has blocked results" as a result of Asia blocking trade routes to India. Asia Minor is a minor trade blockage because a boat can still sail around it ("minor" is Indo-European").
In Homer's Odyssey libya's definition has been problematic. In a quality edition by A.T. Murry (1919) libya is translated incorrectly as "lotus eaters" or "lotus" instead of "Libya" because he did not consider the islands off the north African coast as a part of that coast. While the location the Cyclops is vague in Homer, the later poet Euripides (c. 480–406 BC) locates it on the island of Sicily near Mount Etna:
(April 5, 2025) Above is the paradigm timeline of European history with the paradigm revolutions in red. The traditional timeline is shown below. While the traditional timeline is descriptive it not very insightful in regards to historical causes. Also it is also overly biased towards the Roman and Hellenistic empires. The translation of runic texts has pushed history further back in time to about 1900 BCE, way before the empires, which makes clear that the traditional timeline is inadequate.
The Dualism revolution is the average across Europe. It was not actually complete in northern Europe where Druid Paganism held on until 1200 CE.
(July 2, 2023, updated December 26, 2024) Most European culture and the standard writing style of their native languages was created by the stories composed and written down by court bards of medieval times. Their stories ranged from propaganda for their employing lord to subtle nationalist resistances against the the existing order. Various names have been applied to them. These are some (Dyfn Pencerdd April 2014) :
The more nationalistic bards commenting against the existing orders began using complex language forms based upon old Druid Akkadian phrases which they hid within epic romance and adventure stories. These are like using Latin or Greek derived phrases for names which moderns use to form new scientific labels instead of names for people, deities, and monsters in epic tales). Such even is the case for the word "Bard." It probably derives from the Akkadian phrase BaRu.Du meaning "Seer of life." via Gaulish which also was the source for the Greek bardos and Latin bardus, https://www.etymonline.com/word/bard
The most popular stories were commissioned by medieval wealthy nobles to be written down on vellum in the local native language. These written tales essentially defined the standard literary forms of the native local spoken languages of that era in a way similar to how Shakespeare and the King James Bible defined modern English. More general writing for the public only began after the invention of the printing press and cheap paper in 1450.
Bards had great respect among the Welsh but were generally held in contempt by the Scots who considered them itinerant troublemakers. Ironically, they were subsequently idealized by the early Scottish novelist and poet Sir Walter Scott (1771 – 1832) as being the first modern poets and singer. Scott is best known for his novel Ivanhoe (1820).
